Acquired U.S. Citizenship for Children Born Abroad Through ART: Key Facts

U.S. citizenship is obtained by birth in the U.S., naturalization, or by acquired U.S. citizenship for children born abroad through ART to U.S. citizen parents. This article explains who qualifies and how assisted reproductive technology (ART) impacts the process.

What is Acquired U.S. Citizenship for Children Born Abroad Through ART?

Acquired citizenship refers to U.S. citizenship automatically granted to a child born abroad when one or both parents are U.S. citizens at the time of the child’s birth. This form of citizenship does not require any formal application for naturalization. The U.S. citizen parent confers citizenship by fulfilling certain legal conditions, such as residing or being physically present in the United States before the child’s birth. 

Eligibility for Acquired U.S. Citizenship for Children Born Abroad Through ART

Eligibility for acquired citizenship depends on: 

While U.S. citizenship law has adapted to ART, challenges persist. Differences in surrogacy laws complicate claims, and genetic requirements create issues for same-sex couples and donor use. Recent changes are expanding parentage definitions and improving access to citizenship for children born through ART.

Acquired Citizenship and Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) 

While U.S. citizenship law has adapted, challenges remain for acquired U.S. citizenship for children born abroad through ART. Surrogacy laws and genetic requirements complicate claims, especially for same-sex couples or donor use. Recent changes are expanding parentage definitions, improving access to citizenship for these children.

Here are a few important considerations: 

Surrogacy 

Children born abroad through surrogacy can acquire U.S. citizenship from a U.S. citizen parent, provided the legal requirements are met. The critical factor is whether the U.S. citizen parent has a genetic connection to the child or whether the non-genetic parent can establish legal parentage. 

For example: A child born to a gestational surrogate using a U.S. citizen’s sperm or egg may acquire citizenship at birth if the genetic parent meets residency requirements. In cases with no genetic connection, legal parentage may still allow citizenship to be passed, depending on local and U.S. laws on parenthood.

Donor Eggs or Sperm 

In ART procedures involving donor eggs or sperm, the U.S. citizen parent must establish both biological and legal relationships with the child for the child to acquire citizenship.

For instance: 

• If a U.S. citizen mother uses a donor egg and the child is born abroad, the child may still acquire citizenship if the U.S. citizen mother can prove that she is the legal parent (even if she is not genetically related).
• Similarly, if a U.S. citizen father uses donor sperm in combination with his spouse’s egg or through surrogacy, the child may acquire citizenship if the U.S. citizen father is recognized as the legal parent at the time of the child’s birth. 

Same-Sex Couples and Citizenship 

For same-sex couples using ART, establishing legal parentage is key to acquiring citizenship for children born abroad. At least one U.S. citizen parent can grant citizenship to their child by meeting residency requirements. U.S. law now recognizes both parents as legal, even without a genetic link, and listing both parents on the birth certificate is crucial to prove the child’s eligibility for citizenship.

Steps to Confirm Acquired Citizenship 

If your child qualifies for acquired citizenship, you must obtain documentation to prove their citizenship status. Here’s what you need to do: 

Apply for a Consular Report of Birth Abroad (CRBA): This is the official document that confirms your child’s U.S. citizenship if they were born outside the U.S. You can apply for a CRBA through the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate in the country where your child was born. 

Gather the necessary documents: You will need to provide proof of your U.S. citizenship, the child’s birth certificate, proof of your residency or physical presence in the U.S., and any legal documents establishing parentage (especially important in ART cases). 

Apply for a U.S. passport for your child: After receiving the CRBA, you can also apply for a U.S. passport to facilitate travel to and from the United States. 

Key Challenges in ART Citizenship Cases 

Though U.S. citizenship law has evolved with ART, challenges remain. International surrogacy and parentage laws vary, complicating citizenship claims if some countries don’t recognize intended parents. The genetic connection requirement also raises equality concerns for same-sex couples and those using donor gametes. However, recent legal trends are expanding parentage definitions improving access to U.S. citizenship for children born via ART.

Expert Immigration Help, Every Step of the Way

With over 17 years of experience, Attorney Osas Iyamu is ready to guide you through your immigration journey. From visas to citizenship, we provide personalized support for your American dream. Contact the Law Offices of Osas Iyamu, LLC today for a consultation.

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