U.S. citizenship is obtained by birth in the U.S., naturalization, or by acquired U.S. citizenship for children born abroad through ART to U.S. citizen parents. This article explains who qualifies and how assisted reproductive technology (ART) impacts the process.
Acquired citizenship refers to U.S. citizenship automatically granted to a child born abroad when one or both parents are U.S. citizens at the time of the child’s birth. This form of citizenship does not require any formal application for naturalization. Instead, it is conferred as long as certain legal conditions are met, including the U.S. citizen parent’s residency or physical presence in the United States before the child’s birth.
Eligibility for acquired citizenship depends on:
While U.S. citizenship law has adapted to ART, challenges persist. Differences in surrogacy laws complicate claims, and genetic requirements create issues for same-sex couples and donor use. Recent changes are expanding parentage definitions and improving access to citizenship for children born through ART.
While U.S. citizenship law has adapted, challenges remain for acquired U.S. citizenship for children born abroad through ART. Surrogacy laws and genetic requirements complicate claims, especially for same-sex couples or donor use. Recent changes are expanding parentage definitions, improving access to citizenship for these children.
Here are a few important considerations:
Children born abroad through surrogacy can acquire U.S. citizenship from a U.S. citizen parent, provided the legal requirements are met. The critical factor is whether the U.S. citizen parent has a genetic connection to the child or whether the non-genetic parent can establish legal parentage.
For example: A child born to a gestational surrogate using a U.S. citizen’s sperm or egg may acquire citizenship at birth if the genetic parent meets residency requirements. In cases with no genetic connection, legal parentage may still allow citizenship to be passed, depending on local and U.S. laws on parenthood.
In ART procedures involving donor eggs or sperm, citizenship can still be acquired, but the biological and legal relationships between the U.S. citizen parent and the child must be established.
For instance:
For same-sex couples using ART, establishing legal parentage is key to acquiring citizenship for children born abroad. U.S. citizenship can be granted if at least one parent is a U.S. citizen and meets residency requirements. U.S. law now recognizes both parents as legal, even without a genetic link, and being listed on the birth certificate is crucial for proving citizenship eligibility.
If your child qualifies for acquired citizenship, you must obtain documentation to prove their citizenship status. Here’s what you need to do:
Apply for a Consular Report of Birth Abroad (CRBA): This is the official document that confirms your child’s U.S. citizenship if they were born outside the U.S. You can apply for a CRBA through the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate in the country where your child was born.
Gather the necessary documents: You will need to provide proof of your U.S. citizenship, the child’s birth certificate, proof of your residency or physical presence in the U.S., and any legal documents establishing parentage (especially important in ART cases).
Apply for a U.S. passport for your child: After receiving the CRBA, you can also apply for a U.S. passport to facilitate travel to and from the United States.
Though U.S. citizenship law has evolved with ART, challenges remain. International surrogacy and parentage laws vary, complicating citizenship claims if some countries don’t recognize intended parents. The genetic connection requirement also raises equality concerns for same-sex couples and those using donor gametes. However, recent legal trends are expanding parentage definitions improving access to U.S. citizenship for children born via ART.
With over 17 years of experience, Attorney Osas Iyamu is ready to guide you through your immigration journey. From visas to citizenship, we provide personalized support for your American dream. Contact the Law Offices of Osas Iyamu, LLC today for a consultation.
Yes, U.S. citizenship can be passed down, but it depends on the U.S. citizen’s parent’s residency or physical presence in the U.S. before the child’s birth. Each generation may need to meet specific legal requirements for the transmission of citizenship.
A child born on U.S. soil typically acquires U.S. citizenship automatically under birthright citizenship. This applies regardless of the parent’s immigration status.
No, it is highly recommended to apply for a CRBA as soon as possible after the child’s birth while they are still a minor. The earlier you apply, the easier it is to gather the necessary documentation and establish your child’s U.S. citizenship. If the child reaches adulthood (age 18 or older) and does not have a CRBA, they may still be able to prove U.S. citizenship, but the process can become more complicated. In such cases, the individual may need to apply for a U.S. passport or a Certificate of Citizenship to demonstrate their citizenship status.
Disclaimer: This blog post is for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice. Always consult with a qualified immigration attorney regarding your specific situation.